1. Abstract
The traditional endoscope has many risks and disadvantages including pain, risk of anesthesia, looping, trauma to the lumen with bleeding, and perforation. In addition, it cannot reach beyond the second part of duodenum as well as it is sometimes difficult to guide. Aim of this study is to design a device of endoscopy which is easy to control and free from the above problems. Worm scope is a small size endoscope (about the size of human finger) that moves automatically in peristaltic movement like worms which is controlled by joystick. It can examine the entire gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, it can replace Esophago-gastro-duodenoscope (EGD), colonoscope, enteroscope and wireless capsule.

1. Abstract
This chapter discusses the most common biliary tract diseases, with particular emphasis on biliary strictures, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. The aim is to provide an overview of disease epidemiology, genetic and non genetic risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment options, prognosis and impact on quality of life for each of these conditions. In total, this chapter identifies critical areas for clinicians to recognize a cluster of relatively rare conditions and provides guidance on management, including newly emerging technologies.

1. Abstract
The aetiology of most of the chronic diseases, whether inflammatory, degenerative, or neoplastic, is unknown. The main function of the highly acidic gastric juice with active enzymes, is to kill swallowed microorganisms. This function is lost when gastric juice pH exceeds 4.0, the pH aimed at in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Such treatment is presently the main indication of efficient inhibitors of gastric acid secretion. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease has become more prevalent, but patients without proven reflux are also increasingly treated with such drugs, contributing to a high use of the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Long-term latency of manifestations of infections caused by microorganisms is exemplified for bacteria by Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer, for viruses by hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma, and for prions by Kuru and Mad Cow Disease.Clinical studies over a period of a few years will not disclose such side effects. Moreover, long-term profound acid inhibition also predisposes to gastric cancer. Therefore, there is every reason to be careful in the use of drugs inducing profound inhibition of gastric acid secretion. They should be used for the shortest possible time, and at the lowest dose causing sufficient reduction of gastric acid secretion to relieve symptoms and heal lesions.

1. Abstract
The aetiology of most of the chronic diseases, whether inflammatory, degenerative, or neoplastic, is unknown.

1. Abstract
1.1. Aims
Endoscopy units are resource intensive and contribute to a significant part of healthcare’s carbon footprint and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Sustainability measures is at the forefront of shifting towards carbon neutral endoscopy practices.

1. Abstract
1.1. Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver injury and is strongly
associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The classical gold standard for diagnosing NAFLD is liver biopsy.

1. Abstract
Benign pancreatic hyperenzymemia, often known as Gullo’s syndrome, is an illness characterized by a gradual rise in pancreatic enzymes over the course of a year, without any physical or functional harm to the pancreas.

Dear Editors
During our practice in UAE, we came across many rare and unusual disease presentations that were missed by many centers because of either: Lack of awareness or failure to check detailed history including family history and proper physical examination. Joint hypermobility alone is common in the general population, affecting approximately 10 to 20 percent of individuals to some degree, it maybe
localized or generalized hypermobility.

1. Abstract
Stop NOx elimination by ammonia. Stop water clean center. Abandon bonfire inhibition rule These 3 items are essential to promote
CO2 assimilation to stop global warming stop. By increasing the supply of nitrogen and phosphorous, we can get much fish. Eat Iriko
(boiled and dried sardine) containing hyaluronic acid. for long life. By ocean dumping of radio active substance, we can do nuclear fusion
and human being will be able to live ten thousand years.

https://doi.org/10.47829/JJGH.2024.101001
1.1. Introduction:
The fibrous stroma (FS) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma develops due to chronic injury during tumor invasion, yet emerging evidence indicates its crucial role in tumor invasion.