Research Article

1. Abstract The traditional endoscope has many risks and disadvantages including pain, risk of anesthesia, looping, trauma to the lumen with bleeding, and perforation. In addition, it cannot reach beyond the second part of duodenum as well as it is sometimes difficult to guide. Aim of this study is to design a device of endoscopy …

Wormscope: A New Generation of Small Automated Endoscope: Why it can be Gamechanger? Read More »

1. Abstract This chapter discusses the most common biliary tract diseases, with particular emphasis on biliary strictures, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. The aim is to provide an overview of disease epidemiology, genetic and non genetic risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment options, prognosis and impact on quality of life for each of these conditions. In …

Biliary Tract – Disease, Treatment, and Quality of Life Read More »

1. Abstract The aetiology of most of the chronic diseases, whether inflammatory, degenerative, or neoplastic, is unknown. The main function of the highly acidic gastric juice with active enzymes, is to kill swallowed microorganisms. This function is lost when gastric juice pH exceeds 4.0, the pH aimed at in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. …

The Role of The Gastric Juice in the Defence Against Common and Serious Diseases Read More »

1. Abstract The aetiology of most of the chronic diseases, whether inflammatory, degenerative, or neoplastic, is unknown.